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Course Content
Unit 1: Organisation and Structure of Parliament
Constitutional basis of Parliament (Articles 79 to 122) Components of Parliament, President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha Bicameralism, rationale and relevance Comparison with other federal legislatures
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Pre-Reading Material
Video Discussion
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Key Points
Unit 2: Composition of the Two Houses
Lok Sabha Maximum and present strength Representation of States and UTs Nomination of Anglo-Indian members (historical and current position) Rajya Sabha Maximum strength and present composition Representation of States Nominated members, criteria and significance
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Key Notes
Pre Reading Material
Unit 3: System of Elections to Lok Sabha
Direct elections and universal adult franchise Territorial constituencies Role of Delimitation Commission First-past-the-post system, merits and criticisms Anti-defection law and electoral mandate
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Pre Reading Material
Unit 4: Duration of the Two Houses
Normal term of Lok Sabha Dissolution, powers of President Rajya Sabha as a permanent House Extension during National Emergency
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Unit 5: Membership of Parliament
Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law, Tenth Schedule Resignation and expulsion
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Unit 6: Presiding Officers of Parliament
Lok Sabha Speaker and Deputy Speaker Election, powers, and impartiality Casting vote and disciplinary powers Rajya Sabha Chairman and Deputy Chairman Role of Vice-President Distinctive powers compared to Speaker
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Unit 7: Leaders in Parliament
Leader of the House Leader of Opposition, statutory recognition Whips and party discipline Role in parliamentary functioning
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Unit 8: Sessions of Parliament
Summoning, prorogation, adjournment Types of sessions, Budget, Monsoon, Winter Special sittings Lame-duck session
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Unit 9: Types of Majority
Simple, absolute, effective majority Special majority (Article 368) Composite majority Use in constitutional amendments and confidence motions
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Unit 10: Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
Question Hour, Zero Hour Motions, no-confidence, adjournment, censure Calling Attention Motion Half-an-hour discussion Role in executive accountability
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Unit 11: Legislative Procedure in Parliament
Ordinary bills Money bills, Article 110 Financial bills Role of President and assent Ordinance making power
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Unit 12: Joint Sitting of Two Houses
Constitutional provision (Article 108) Grounds and procedure Presiding authority Case studies, Dowry Prohibition Act, GST not applicable
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Unit 13: Budget in Parliament
Constitutional framework (Articles 112 to 117) Annual Financial Statement Types of grants Cut motions Role of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
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Unit 14: Multifunctional Role of Parliament
Legislative Executive control Financial control Judicial role (impeachment, removal) Constituent role Electoral functions
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Unit 15: Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control
Decline of Question Hour Party dominance and whip system Ordinance raj Coalition politics Bypassing Parliament via rules and executive action
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Unit 16: Position of Rajya Sabha
Federal chamber or secondary House Special powers under Articles 249 and 312 Role in constitutional amendments Limitations and criticisms
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Unit 17: Parliamentary Privileges
Constitutional basis (Articles 105) Collective and individual privileges Freedom of speech Contempt of Parliament Judicial review and limits
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Unit 18: Sovereignty of Parliament
Parliamentary sovereignty vs constitutional supremacy Comparison with British Parliament Role of judiciary and basic structure doctrine Limits on legislative power
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Unit 19: Organisation of State Legislature
Constitutional provisions (Articles 168 to 212) Governor and State Legislature Unicameral and bicameral legislatures Federal implications
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Unit 20: Composition of Two Houses
Legislative Assembly Maximum and minimum strength Representation of SCs and STs Nomination of Anglo-Indians (status update) Legislative Council Composition and method of election Graduates, teachers, local bodies Nomination by Governor
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Unit 21: Duration of Two Houses
Normal term of Legislative Assembly Dissolution and extension Permanent nature of Legislative Council
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Unit 22: Membership of State Legislature
Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law
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Unit 23: Presiding Officers of State Legislature
Legislative Assembly Speaker and Deputy Speaker Powers and role Comparison with Lok Sabha Speaker Legislative Council Chairman and Deputy Chairman
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Unit 24: Sessions of State Legislature
Summoning and prorogation Governor’s role Budget session and special sittings
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Unit 25: Legislative Procedure in State Legislature
Ordinary bills Money bills at state level Role of Governor Ordinances by Governor
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Unit 26: Bills Reserved for President’s Consideration
Constitutional grounds Discretionary powers of Governor Federal implications Judicial review
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Unit 27: Legislative Procedure Compared
Parliament vs State Legislature Role of Upper House Powers of presiding officers Governor vs President
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Unit 28: Position of Legislative Council
Utility and relevance Arguments for abolition Political misuse Case studies of abolition and revival
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Unit 29: Privileges of State Legislature
Constitutional basis (Article 194) Similarities with Parliamentary privileges Contempt of House Judicial intervention
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Topic : Parliament & State Legislature (Prelims Polity)

  • Direct elections

  • Universal Adult Franchise (Article 326)

  • Territorial constituencies

  • First-past-the-post system

  • Delimitation based on 1971 Census (frozen till first census after 2026)

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