Topic : Parliament & State Legislature (Prelims Polity)

Unit 1: Organisation and Structure of Parliament
Constitutional basis of Parliament (Articles 79 to 122) Components of Parliament, President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha Bicameralism, rationale and relevance Comparison with other federal legislatures

Unit 2: Composition of the Two Houses
Lok Sabha Maximum and present strength Representation of States and UTs Nomination of Anglo-Indian members (historical and current position) Rajya Sabha Maximum strength and present composition Representation of States Nominated members, criteria and significance

Unit 3: System of Elections to Lok Sabha
Direct elections and universal adult franchise Territorial constituencies Role of Delimitation Commission First-past-the-post system, merits and criticisms Anti-defection law and electoral mandate

Unit 4: Duration of the Two Houses
Normal term of Lok Sabha Dissolution, powers of President Rajya Sabha as a permanent House Extension during National Emergency

Unit 5: Membership of Parliament
Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law, Tenth Schedule Resignation and expulsion

Unit 6: Presiding Officers of Parliament
Lok Sabha Speaker and Deputy Speaker Election, powers, and impartiality Casting vote and disciplinary powers Rajya Sabha Chairman and Deputy Chairman Role of Vice-President Distinctive powers compared to Speaker

Unit 7: Leaders in Parliament
Leader of the House Leader of Opposition, statutory recognition Whips and party discipline Role in parliamentary functioning

Unit 8: Sessions of Parliament
Summoning, prorogation, adjournment Types of sessions, Budget, Monsoon, Winter Special sittings Lame-duck session

Unit 9: Types of Majority
Simple, absolute, effective majority Special majority (Article 368) Composite majority Use in constitutional amendments and confidence motions

Unit 10: Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
Question Hour, Zero Hour Motions, no-confidence, adjournment, censure Calling Attention Motion Half-an-hour discussion Role in executive accountability

Unit 11: Legislative Procedure in Parliament
Ordinary bills Money bills, Article 110 Financial bills Role of President and assent Ordinance making power

Unit 12: Joint Sitting of Two Houses
Constitutional provision (Article 108) Grounds and procedure Presiding authority Case studies, Dowry Prohibition Act, GST not applicable

Unit 13: Budget in Parliament
Constitutional framework (Articles 112 to 117) Annual Financial Statement Types of grants Cut motions Role of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Unit 14: Multifunctional Role of Parliament
Legislative Executive control Financial control Judicial role (impeachment, removal) Constituent role Electoral functions

Unit 15: Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control
Decline of Question Hour Party dominance and whip system Ordinance raj Coalition politics Bypassing Parliament via rules and executive action

Unit 16: Position of Rajya Sabha
Federal chamber or secondary House Special powers under Articles 249 and 312 Role in constitutional amendments Limitations and criticisms

Unit 17: Parliamentary Privileges
Constitutional basis (Articles 105) Collective and individual privileges Freedom of speech Contempt of Parliament Judicial review and limits

Unit 18: Sovereignty of Parliament
Parliamentary sovereignty vs constitutional supremacy Comparison with British Parliament Role of judiciary and basic structure doctrine Limits on legislative power

Unit 19: Organisation of State Legislature
Constitutional provisions (Articles 168 to 212) Governor and State Legislature Unicameral and bicameral legislatures Federal implications

Unit 20: Composition of Two Houses
Legislative Assembly Maximum and minimum strength Representation of SCs and STs Nomination of Anglo-Indians (status update) Legislative Council Composition and method of election Graduates, teachers, local bodies Nomination by Governor

Unit 21: Duration of Two Houses
Normal term of Legislative Assembly Dissolution and extension Permanent nature of Legislative Council

Unit 22: Membership of State Legislature
Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law

Unit 23: Presiding Officers of State Legislature
Legislative Assembly Speaker and Deputy Speaker Powers and role Comparison with Lok Sabha Speaker Legislative Council Chairman and Deputy Chairman

Unit 24: Sessions of State Legislature
Summoning and prorogation Governor’s role Budget session and special sittings

Unit 25: Legislative Procedure in State Legislature
Ordinary bills Money bills at state level Role of Governor Ordinances by Governor

Unit 26: Bills Reserved for President’s Consideration
Constitutional grounds Discretionary powers of Governor Federal implications Judicial review

Unit 27: Legislative Procedure Compared
Parliament vs State Legislature Role of Upper House Powers of presiding officers Governor vs President

Unit 28: Position of Legislative Council
Utility and relevance Arguments for abolition Political misuse Case studies of abolition and revival

Unit 29: Privileges of State Legislature
Constitutional basis (Article 194) Similarities with Parliamentary privileges Contempt of House Judicial intervention

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Course Content

Unit 1: Organisation and Structure of Parliament Constitutional basis of Parliament (Articles 79 to 122) Components of Parliament, President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha Bicameralism, rationale and relevance Comparison with other federal legislatures

Unit 3: System of Elections to Lok Sabha Direct elections and universal adult franchise Territorial constituencies Role of Delimitation Commission First-past-the-post system, merits and criticisms Anti-defection law and electoral mandate

Unit 4: Duration of the Two Houses Normal term of Lok Sabha Dissolution, powers of President Rajya Sabha as a permanent House Extension during National Emergency

Unit 5: Membership of Parliament Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law, Tenth Schedule Resignation and expulsion

Unit 6: Presiding Officers of Parliament Lok Sabha Speaker and Deputy Speaker Election, powers, and impartiality Casting vote and disciplinary powers Rajya Sabha Chairman and Deputy Chairman Role of Vice-President Distinctive powers compared to Speaker

Unit 7: Leaders in Parliament Leader of the House Leader of Opposition, statutory recognition Whips and party discipline Role in parliamentary functioning

Unit 8: Sessions of Parliament Summoning, prorogation, adjournment Types of sessions, Budget, Monsoon, Winter Special sittings Lame-duck session

Unit 9: Types of Majority Simple, absolute, effective majority Special majority (Article 368) Composite majority Use in constitutional amendments and confidence motions

Unit 10: Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings Question Hour, Zero Hour Motions, no-confidence, adjournment, censure Calling Attention Motion Half-an-hour discussion Role in executive accountability

Unit 11: Legislative Procedure in Parliament Ordinary bills Money bills, Article 110 Financial bills Role of President and assent Ordinance making power

Unit 12: Joint Sitting of Two Houses Constitutional provision (Article 108) Grounds and procedure Presiding authority Case studies, Dowry Prohibition Act, GST not applicable

Unit 13: Budget in Parliament Constitutional framework (Articles 112 to 117) Annual Financial Statement Types of grants Cut motions Role of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Unit 14: Multifunctional Role of Parliament Legislative Executive control Financial control Judicial role (impeachment, removal) Constituent role Electoral functions

Unit 15: Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control Decline of Question Hour Party dominance and whip system Ordinance raj Coalition politics Bypassing Parliament via rules and executive action

Unit 16: Position of Rajya Sabha Federal chamber or secondary House Special powers under Articles 249 and 312 Role in constitutional amendments Limitations and criticisms

Unit 17: Parliamentary Privileges Constitutional basis (Articles 105) Collective and individual privileges Freedom of speech Contempt of Parliament Judicial review and limits

Unit 18: Sovereignty of Parliament Parliamentary sovereignty vs constitutional supremacy Comparison with British Parliament Role of judiciary and basic structure doctrine Limits on legislative power

Unit 19: Organisation of State Legislature Constitutional provisions (Articles 168 to 212) Governor and State Legislature Unicameral and bicameral legislatures Federal implications

Unit 20: Composition of Two Houses Legislative Assembly Maximum and minimum strength Representation of SCs and STs Nomination of Anglo-Indians (status update) Legislative Council Composition and method of election Graduates, teachers, local bodies Nomination by Governor

Unit 21: Duration of Two Houses Normal term of Legislative Assembly Dissolution and extension Permanent nature of Legislative Council

Unit 22: Membership of State Legislature Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law

Unit 23: Presiding Officers of State Legislature Legislative Assembly Speaker and Deputy Speaker Powers and role Comparison with Lok Sabha Speaker Legislative Council Chairman and Deputy Chairman

Unit 24: Sessions of State Legislature Summoning and prorogation Governor’s role Budget session and special sittings

Unit 25: Legislative Procedure in State Legislature Ordinary bills Money bills at state level Role of Governor Ordinances by Governor

Unit 26: Bills Reserved for President’s Consideration Constitutional grounds Discretionary powers of Governor Federal implications Judicial review

Unit 27: Legislative Procedure Compared Parliament vs State Legislature Role of Upper House Powers of presiding officers Governor vs President

Unit 28: Position of Legislative Council Utility and relevance Arguments for abolition Political misuse Case studies of abolition and revival

Unit 29: Privileges of State Legislature Constitutional basis (Article 194) Similarities with Parliamentary privileges Contempt of House Judicial intervention

Student Ratings & Reviews

Unit 1: Organisation and Structure of Parliament
Constitutional basis of Parliament (Articles 79 to 122) Components of Parliament, President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha Bicameralism, rationale and relevance Comparison with other federal legislatures

Unit 3: System of Elections to Lok Sabha
Direct elections and universal adult franchise Territorial constituencies Role of Delimitation Commission First-past-the-post system, merits and criticisms Anti-defection law and electoral mandate

Unit 4: Duration of the Two Houses
Normal term of Lok Sabha Dissolution, powers of President Rajya Sabha as a permanent House Extension during National Emergency

Unit 5: Membership of Parliament
Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law, Tenth Schedule Resignation and expulsion

Unit 6: Presiding Officers of Parliament
Lok Sabha Speaker and Deputy Speaker Election, powers, and impartiality Casting vote and disciplinary powers Rajya Sabha Chairman and Deputy Chairman Role of Vice-President Distinctive powers compared to Speaker

Unit 7: Leaders in Parliament
Leader of the House Leader of Opposition, statutory recognition Whips and party discipline Role in parliamentary functioning

Unit 8: Sessions of Parliament
Summoning, prorogation, adjournment Types of sessions, Budget, Monsoon, Winter Special sittings Lame-duck session

Unit 9: Types of Majority
Simple, absolute, effective majority Special majority (Article 368) Composite majority Use in constitutional amendments and confidence motions

Unit 10: Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
Question Hour, Zero Hour Motions, no-confidence, adjournment, censure Calling Attention Motion Half-an-hour discussion Role in executive accountability

Unit 11: Legislative Procedure in Parliament
Ordinary bills Money bills, Article 110 Financial bills Role of President and assent Ordinance making power

Unit 12: Joint Sitting of Two Houses
Constitutional provision (Article 108) Grounds and procedure Presiding authority Case studies, Dowry Prohibition Act, GST not applicable

Unit 13: Budget in Parliament
Constitutional framework (Articles 112 to 117) Annual Financial Statement Types of grants Cut motions Role of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Unit 14: Multifunctional Role of Parliament
Legislative Executive control Financial control Judicial role (impeachment, removal) Constituent role Electoral functions

Unit 15: Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control
Decline of Question Hour Party dominance and whip system Ordinance raj Coalition politics Bypassing Parliament via rules and executive action

Unit 16: Position of Rajya Sabha
Federal chamber or secondary House Special powers under Articles 249 and 312 Role in constitutional amendments Limitations and criticisms

Unit 17: Parliamentary Privileges
Constitutional basis (Articles 105) Collective and individual privileges Freedom of speech Contempt of Parliament Judicial review and limits

Unit 18: Sovereignty of Parliament
Parliamentary sovereignty vs constitutional supremacy Comparison with British Parliament Role of judiciary and basic structure doctrine Limits on legislative power

Unit 19: Organisation of State Legislature
Constitutional provisions (Articles 168 to 212) Governor and State Legislature Unicameral and bicameral legislatures Federal implications

Unit 20: Composition of Two Houses
Legislative Assembly Maximum and minimum strength Representation of SCs and STs Nomination of Anglo-Indians (status update) Legislative Council Composition and method of election Graduates, teachers, local bodies Nomination by Governor

Unit 21: Duration of Two Houses
Normal term of Legislative Assembly Dissolution and extension Permanent nature of Legislative Council

Unit 22: Membership of State Legislature
Qualifications and disqualifications Oath or affirmation Vacation of seats Anti-defection law

Unit 23: Presiding Officers of State Legislature
Legislative Assembly Speaker and Deputy Speaker Powers and role Comparison with Lok Sabha Speaker Legislative Council Chairman and Deputy Chairman

Unit 24: Sessions of State Legislature
Summoning and prorogation Governor’s role Budget session and special sittings

Unit 25: Legislative Procedure in State Legislature
Ordinary bills Money bills at state level Role of Governor Ordinances by Governor

Unit 26: Bills Reserved for President’s Consideration
Constitutional grounds Discretionary powers of Governor Federal implications Judicial review

Unit 27: Legislative Procedure Compared
Parliament vs State Legislature Role of Upper House Powers of presiding officers Governor vs President

Unit 28: Position of Legislative Council
Utility and relevance Arguments for abolition Political misuse Case studies of abolition and revival

Unit 29: Privileges of State Legislature
Constitutional basis (Article 194) Similarities with Parliamentary privileges Contempt of House Judicial intervention